Jelly-RDF benchmarks

The following results were obtained by benchmarking Jelly-JVM 4.0.0 against the RDF serialization formats built into Apache Jena and Eclipse RDF4J. For SPARQL query results, see Jelly-SPARQL benchmarks.

The benchmarks were performed on flat streams of RDF triples or quads.

The charts are interactive – hover over them for details.

Benchmark setup

All benchmarks were performed on the first 100,000 statements of each dataset in RiverBench (development version, October 2026), except yago-annotated-facts, which uses RDF-star. Out of the 13 used datasets, 3 include RDF quads (assist-iot-weather-graphs, citypulse-traffic-graphs, nanopubs).

• Each method/dataset combination was run in 3 separate JVM forks (sweeps), each with 5 × 1 s warmup and 5 × 1 s measurement. The result for a dataset is the median of the 3 sweeps.
• Serialization: the data was preloaded into memory and serialized to a null output stream.
• Deserialization: the data was deserialized from a byte array input stream in memory. The deserializer was emitting only a stream of triples/quads, without any further processing.
• All parsers and writers were configured to skip optional work that can be turned off in the library: IRI, language tag, and datatype validation, blank node relabeling, and pretty-printing. Writers that use prefixes were given the prefixes of the dataset.
• Averages are geometric means over the datasets.

Hardware: NVIDIA DGX Spark (GB10 Grace Blackwell Superchip with 10 Cortex-X925 and 10 Cortex-A725 cores, 128 GB unified memory). The benchmarks were pinned to 5 Cortex-X925 cores (3.9 GHz) and are single-threaded. The disk was not used during the benchmarks (all data was in memory).

Software: Linux kernel 6.17, GraalVM CE 25.4 (Java 25.0.4), Apache Jena 6.2.0, Eclipse RDF4J 6.1.0, Jelly-JVM 4.0.0.

Tested methods

• W3C N-Triples / N-Quads (Apache Jena, Eclipse RDF4J)
• W3C Turtle / TriG (Apache Jena TURTLE_BLOCKS and TRIG_BLOCKS, Eclipse RDF4J without pretty-printing)
• W3C RDF/XML (Apache Jena RDFXML_PLAIN, Eclipse RDF4J) – triples only
• W3C JSON-LD (Apache Jena JSONLD11_FLAT, Eclipse RDF4J)
• W3C RDF/JSON (Apache Jena, Eclipse RDF4J) – triples only
• Jena's RDF binary Protobuf and Thrift formats (Apache Jena, RDF_PROTO and RDF_THRIFT)
• RDF4J Binary RDF Format (Eclipse RDF4J, BINARY)
• Jelly (Jelly-JVM 4.0.0, Jelly-RDF 1.2, "big" preset)

  max_name_table_size = 4000;
  max_prefix_table_size = 150;
  max_datatype_table_size = 32;
  

Results

Throughput

Throughput, geometric mean over 13 datasets (10 for RDF/JSON and RDF/XML, which don't support quads). Log scale.

• * buffering writer: drops duplicate statements (write throughput still counts every input statement)
• ° RDF4J's writer is given an OutputStream and writes it one character at a time. With a BufferedWriter it could be 1.28–1.56× faster

Data behind this chart

Library	Operation	Format	Throughput (statements/s, geomean)	Slowest dataset	Fastest dataset	Datasets	Notes
Jena	Write	Jelly	19,602,030	9,772,917	31,138,988	13
Jena	Write	Protobuf	4,105,955	3,341,223	5,056,436	13
Jena	Write	N-Triples / N-Quads	2,757,515	1,837,094	3,692,167	13
Jena	Write	Thrift	1,433,756	992,040	1,877,416	13
Jena	Write	RDF/XML	1,039,450	622,178	1,503,188	10	*
Jena	Write	JSON-LD	728,736	34,625	2,948,272	13	*
Jena	Write	Turtle / TriG	543,485	365,742	739,828	13
Jena	Write	RDF/JSON	172,696	140,275	211,861	10	*
RDF4J	Write	Jelly	18,940,976	9,670,065	29,573,640	13
RDF4J	Write	Binary	3,344,065	2,638,293	4,079,387	13
RDF4J	Write	RDF/XML	1,743,889	1,362,409	2,071,046	10	°
RDF4J	Write	Turtle / TriG	657,528	255,364	2,957,020	13
RDF4J	Write	JSON-LD	617,365	29,231	1,400,515	13	*
RDF4J	Write	RDF/JSON	574,724	508,443	731,484	10	*
RDF4J	Write	N-Triples / N-Quads	207,800	134,445	263,632	13	°
Jena	Read	Jelly	28,066,649	16,187,006	42,233,335	13
Jena	Read	RDF/XML	2,002,470	1,368,325	2,424,266	10	*
Jena	Read	Turtle / TriG	1,688,569	1,215,949	2,126,336	13
Jena	Read	Protobuf	1,356,795	1,231,706	1,454,406	13
Jena	Read	Thrift	1,316,150	861,585	1,652,669	13
Jena	Read	RDF/JSON	1,233,134	1,104,875	1,410,861	10	*
Jena	Read	N-Triples / N-Quads	1,139,986	813,357	1,437,750	13
Jena	Read	JSON-LD	280,609	28,978	454,488	13	*
RDF4J	Read	Jelly	30,723,047	17,878,318	46,365,709	13
RDF4J	Read	Binary	5,036,504	4,003,055	6,095,955	13
RDF4J	Read	RDF/JSON	4,354,259	3,267,121	5,182,552	10	*
RDF4J	Read	N-Triples / N-Quads	3,039,468	2,050,340	3,835,715	13
RDF4J	Read	RDF/XML	1,355,525	985,062	1,774,915	10
RDF4J	Read	JSON-LD	767,268	601,702	883,914	13	*
RDF4J	Read	Turtle / TriG	354,283	256,739	428,829	13

Throughput and serialized size

Serialized size (uncompressed) against throughput, geometric mean over 10 datasets. Log scale. Top left is better.

• * buffering writer: drops duplicate statements (write throughput still counts every input statement)
• ° RDF4J's writer is given an OutputStream and writes it one character at a time. With a BufferedWriter it could be 1.28–1.56× faster

Data behind this chart

Library	Operation	Format	Throughput (statements/s, geomean)	Size (bytes/statement, raw)	zstd	Notes
Jena	Write	Jelly	18,838,507	22	4.58
Jena	Write	Turtle	538,078	97.2	5.19
Jena	Write	RDF/XML	1,039,450	108.2	7.08	*
Jena	Write	Thrift	1,581,898	172.1	9.03
Jena	Write	RDF/JSON	172,696	176.1	8.24	*
Jena	Write	N-Triples	2,995,270	191	8.75
Jena	Write	JSON-LD	675,122	194.2	6.12	*
Jena	Write	Protobuf	4,224,786	203.4	8.45
RDF4J	Write	Jelly	18,175,495	22	4.58
RDF4J	Write	Binary	3,391,159	37.4	8.32
RDF4J	Write	Turtle	588,019	83.3	5.38
RDF4J	Write	JSON-LD	562,627	114.9	5.59	*
RDF4J	Write	RDF/XML	1,743,889	131.5	5.68	°
RDF4J	Write	RDF/JSON	574,724	145.6	5.55	*
RDF4J	Write	N-Triples	225,963	191.1	8.85	°
Jena	Read	Jelly	26,733,455	22	4.58
Jena	Read	Turtle	1,676,314	97.2	5.19
Jena	Read	RDF/XML	2,002,470	108.2	7.08	*
Jena	Read	Thrift	1,443,302	172.1	9.03
Jena	Read	RDF/JSON	1,233,134	176.1	8.24	*
Jena	Read	N-Triples	1,224,269	191	8.75
Jena	Read	JSON-LD	263,772	194.2	6.12	*
Jena	Read	Protobuf	1,385,692	203.4	8.45
RDF4J	Read	Jelly	30,075,425	22	4.58
RDF4J	Read	Binary	5,063,297	37.4	8.32
RDF4J	Read	Turtle	347,901	83.3	5.38
RDF4J	Read	JSON-LD	778,968	114.9	5.59	*
RDF4J	Read	RDF/XML	1,355,525	131.5	5.68
RDF4J	Read	RDF/JSON	4,354,259	145.6	5.55	*
RDF4J	Read	N-Triples	3,277,281	191.1	8.85

Throughput per dataset

Throughput on each dataset, in statements/s. The last 3 datasets contain quads.

• * buffering writer: drops duplicate statements (write throughput still counts every input statement)
• § the 3 sweeps differ by more than 10%
• ° RDF4J's writer is given an OutputStream and writes it one character at a time. With a BufferedWriter it could be 1.28–1.56× faster

Data behind this chart

Library	Operation	Dataset	Format	Throughput (statements/s, median)	Run min	Run max	Notes
Jena	Write	assist-iot-weather	JSON-LD	2,948,272	2,922,623	2,959,848	*
Jena	Write	assist-iot-weather	Jelly	27,718,328	27,560,568	27,841,069
Jena	Write	assist-iot-weather	N-Triples	3,196,252	3,194,104	3,198,556
Jena	Write	assist-iot-weather	Protobuf	4,786,912	4,765,063	4,799,391
Jena	Write	assist-iot-weather	RDF/JSON	211,861	210,934	214,462	*
Jena	Write	assist-iot-weather	RDF/XML	1,503,188	1,490,224	1,505,829	*
Jena	Write	assist-iot-weather	Thrift	1,366,475	1,366,017	1,367,479
Jena	Write	assist-iot-weather	Turtle	556,261	556,244	563,106
Jena	Write	assist-iot-weather-graphs	JSON-LD	2,136,911	2,070,078	2,139,640
Jena	Write	assist-iot-weather-graphs	Jelly	31,138,988	31,136,445	32,079,646
Jena	Write	assist-iot-weather-graphs	N-Quads	2,579,319	2,577,139	2,592,911
Jena	Write	assist-iot-weather-graphs	Protobuf	4,069,254	4,062,274	4,092,633
Jena	Write	assist-iot-weather-graphs	Thrift	1,029,539	1,023,067	1,033,983
Jena	Write	assist-iot-weather-graphs	TriG	610,027	600,664	610,547
Jena	Write	citypulse-traffic	JSON-LD	34,625	34,192	34,879
Jena	Write	citypulse-traffic	Jelly	22,698,265	22,552,739	22,771,705
Jena	Write	citypulse-traffic	N-Triples	2,521,256	2,507,412	2,525,812
Jena	Write	citypulse-traffic	Protobuf	4,346,223	4,253,520	4,346,696
Jena	Write	citypulse-traffic	RDF/JSON	140,275	139,025	142,071
Jena	Write	citypulse-traffic	RDF/XML	930,699	929,966	933,145
Jena	Write	citypulse-traffic	Thrift	1,551,260	1,549,599	1,572,863
Jena	Write	citypulse-traffic	Turtle	546,302	544,543	548,033
Jena	Write	citypulse-traffic-graphs	JSON-LD	1,731,932	1,696,836	1,749,756
Jena	Write	citypulse-traffic-graphs	Jelly	19,544,256	19,415,042	19,727,301
Jena	Write	citypulse-traffic-graphs	N-Quads	1,837,094	1,831,618	1,839,232
Jena	Write	citypulse-traffic-graphs	Protobuf	3,341,223	3,250,535	3,356,363
Jena	Write	citypulse-traffic-graphs	Thrift	1,079,503	1,074,317	1,089,794
Jena	Write	citypulse-traffic-graphs	TriG	515,893	513,987	516,676
Jena	Write	dbpedia-live	JSON-LD	201,057	198,385	202,234	*
Jena	Write	dbpedia-live	Jelly	9,772,917	9,733,924	9,783,154
Jena	Write	dbpedia-live	N-Triples	3,692,167	3,677,984	3,720,613
Jena	Write	dbpedia-live	Protobuf	3,686,323	3,686,141	3,686,976
Jena	Write	dbpedia-live	RDF/JSON	170,956	167,246	172,204	*
Jena	Write	dbpedia-live	RDF/XML	622,178	613,147	624,462	*
Jena	Write	dbpedia-live	Thrift	1,752,454	1,742,444	1,769,760
Jena	Write	dbpedia-live	Turtle	466,591	457,838	469,121
Jena	Write	digital-agenda-indicators	JSON-LD	2,493,764	2,488,378	2,514,640
Jena	Write	digital-agenda-indicators	Jelly	31,130,748	30,790,594	31,367,360
Jena	Write	digital-agenda-indicators	N-Triples	2,421,463	2,420,121	2,429,557
Jena	Write	digital-agenda-indicators	Protobuf	4,635,706	4,622,633	4,649,304
Jena	Write	digital-agenda-indicators	RDF/JSON	148,630	147,798	150,366
Jena	Write	digital-agenda-indicators	RDF/XML	1,139,482	1,131,278	1,146,540
Jena	Write	digital-agenda-indicators	Thrift	1,331,722	1,330,064	1,336,702
Jena	Write	digital-agenda-indicators	Turtle	703,222	697,043	705,602
Jena	Write	linked-spending	JSON-LD	2,032,514	2,003,458	2,038,677	*
Jena	Write	linked-spending	Jelly	20,142,085	20,013,357	20,481,546
Jena	Write	linked-spending	N-Triples	2,407,025	2,396,001	2,410,304
Jena	Write	linked-spending	Protobuf	3,761,230	3,758,241	3,775,180
Jena	Write	linked-spending	RDF/JSON	170,156	169,585	170,473	*
Jena	Write	linked-spending	RDF/XML	949,434	946,474	950,771	*
Jena	Write	linked-spending	Thrift	1,792,503	1,779,697	1,799,278
Jena	Write	linked-spending	Turtle	468,891	467,263	471,613
Jena	Write	lod-katrina	JSON-LD	832,777	822,576	834,163	*
Jena	Write	lod-katrina	Jelly	20,929,860	20,923,490	21,047,523
Jena	Write	lod-katrina	N-Triples	2,926,976	2,917,402	2,936,810
Jena	Write	lod-katrina	Protobuf	4,880,575	4,850,022	4,920,807
Jena	Write	lod-katrina	RDF/JSON	152,040	151,065	160,652	*
Jena	Write	lod-katrina	RDF/XML	1,069,541	1,057,992	1,077,226	*
Jena	Write	lod-katrina	Thrift	1,824,864	1,823,242	1,854,364
Jena	Write	lod-katrina	Turtle	365,742	361,976	366,019
Jena	Write	muziekweb	JSON-LD	122,062	121,950	122,422
Jena	Write	muziekweb	Jelly	14,324,409	14,193,395	14,517,395
Jena	Write	muziekweb	N-Triples	3,087,465	3,077,578	3,106,419
Jena	Write	muziekweb	Protobuf	3,975,114	3,961,258	3,975,358
Jena	Write	muziekweb	RDF/JSON	179,891	178,563	181,109
Jena	Write	muziekweb	RDF/XML	1,164,597	1,151,207	1,170,523
Jena	Write	muziekweb	Thrift	1,849,443	1,833,337	1,850,897
Jena	Write	muziekweb	Turtle	539,193	537,603	546,805
Jena	Write	nanopubs	JSON-LD	224,527	224,336	225,056
Jena	Write	nanopubs	Jelly	18,413,026	17,700,882	18,428,829
Jena	Write	nanopubs	N-Quads	1,935,252	1,934,071	1,944,452
Jena	Write	nanopubs	Protobuf	3,827,519	3,793,768	3,861,008
Jena	Write	nanopubs	Thrift	992,040	982,330	1,020,040
Jena	Write	nanopubs	TriG	563,744	559,946	567,247
Jena	Write	officegraph	JSON-LD	2,519,927	2,509,025	2,539,368	*
Jena	Write	officegraph	Jelly	20,404,010	20,382,442	20,875,339
Jena	Write	officegraph	N-Triples	3,370,901	3,367,864	3,395,450
Jena	Write	officegraph	Protobuf	5,056,436	5,025,170	5,088,268
Jena	Write	officegraph	RDF/JSON	186,460	186,431	187,750	*
Jena	Write	officegraph	RDF/XML	1,275,893	1,261,397	1,291,965	*
Jena	Write	officegraph	Thrift	1,247,747	1,233,762	1,264,181
Jena	Write	officegraph	Turtle	739,828	733,709	741,589
Jena	Write	openaire-lod	JSON-LD	1,634,000	1,595,384	1,640,613
Jena	Write	openaire-lod	Jelly	13,966,187	13,899,811	14,088,421
Jena	Write	openaire-lod	N-Triples	2,983,191	2,980,677	3,018,116
Jena	Write	openaire-lod	Protobuf	3,717,472	3,697,414	3,743,912
Jena	Write	openaire-lod	RDF/JSON	192,853	192,229	193,346
Jena	Write	openaire-lod	RDF/XML	864,721	854,470	961,702	§
Jena	Write	openaire-lod	Thrift	1,877,416	1,862,902	1,881,955
Jena	Write	openaire-lod	Turtle	465,865	465,176	473,934
Jena	Write	osm2rdf-denmark	JSON-LD	451,755	444,052	458,100
Jena	Write	osm2rdf-denmark	Jelly	17,090,332	17,069,588	17,156,851
Jena	Write	osm2rdf-denmark	N-Triples	3,688,195	3,657,445	3,694,727
Jena	Write	osm2rdf-denmark	Protobuf	3,714,736	3,710,946	3,738,980
Jena	Write	osm2rdf-denmark	RDF/JSON	186,709	185,187	187,382
Jena	Write	osm2rdf-denmark	RDF/XML	1,137,789	1,112,457	1,154,433
Jena	Write	osm2rdf-denmark	Thrift	1,399,651	1,398,890	1,408,883
Jena	Write	osm2rdf-denmark	Turtle	640,223	639,827	642,061
RDF4J	Write	assist-iot-weather	Binary	4,079,387	4,072,987	4,114,091
RDF4J	Write	assist-iot-weather	JSON-LD	1,400,515	1,380,003	1,432,887	*
RDF4J	Write	assist-iot-weather	Jelly	25,146,956	25,119,599	25,779,902
RDF4J	Write	assist-iot-weather	N-Triples	216,487	216,363	220,585	°
RDF4J	Write	assist-iot-weather	RDF/JSON	731,484	729,140	737,860	*
RDF4J	Write	assist-iot-weather	RDF/XML	1,787,721	1,774,920	1,797,731	°
RDF4J	Write	assist-iot-weather	Turtle	628,650	619,809	634,429
RDF4J	Write	assist-iot-weather-graphs	Binary	3,768,548	3,747,564	3,789,910
RDF4J	Write	assist-iot-weather-graphs	JSON-LD	1,032,990	1,032,310	1,041,512
RDF4J	Write	assist-iot-weather-graphs	Jelly	29,573,640	29,068,275	29,624,916
RDF4J	Write	assist-iot-weather-graphs	N-Quads	172,956	171,401	174,399	°
RDF4J	Write	assist-iot-weather-graphs	TriG	812,356	809,906	812,754
RDF4J	Write	citypulse-traffic	Binary	3,431,866	3,401,005	3,458,725
RDF4J	Write	citypulse-traffic	JSON-LD	29,231	29,152	29,262
RDF4J	Write	citypulse-traffic	Jelly	22,137,871	21,657,655	22,291,748
RDF4J	Write	citypulse-traffic	N-Triples	221,441	220,962	222,436	°
RDF4J	Write	citypulse-traffic	RDF/JSON	508,443	500,224	550,399	§
RDF4J	Write	citypulse-traffic	RDF/XML	1,675,568	1,674,499	1,677,159	°
RDF4J	Write	citypulse-traffic	Turtle	443,584	443,151	447,970
RDF4J	Write	citypulse-traffic-graphs	Binary	2,791,297	2,770,337	2,793,650
RDF4J	Write	citypulse-traffic-graphs	JSON-LD	819,056	813,600	825,280
RDF4J	Write	citypulse-traffic-graphs	Jelly	19,564,110	19,299,854	19,576,899
RDF4J	Write	citypulse-traffic-graphs	N-Quads	166,931	166,702	167,281	°
RDF4J	Write	citypulse-traffic-graphs	TriG	448,982	448,735	449,187
RDF4J	Write	dbpedia-live	Binary	2,638,293	2,629,556	2,638,659
RDF4J	Write	dbpedia-live	JSON-LD	691,178	683,415	697,655	*
RDF4J	Write	dbpedia-live	Jelly	9,670,065	9,641,737	9,697,692
RDF4J	Write	dbpedia-live	N-Triples	263,471	261,917	263,531	°
RDF4J	Write	dbpedia-live	RDF/JSON	513,468	507,072	519,582	*
RDF4J	Write	dbpedia-live	RDF/XML	1,362,409	1,357,757	1,373,671	°
RDF4J	Write	dbpedia-live	Turtle	319,534	318,085	328,792
RDF4J	Write	digital-agenda-indicators	Binary	3,860,363	3,824,891	3,865,715
RDF4J	Write	digital-agenda-indicators	JSON-LD	1,029,133	1,026,030	1,037,269
RDF4J	Write	digital-agenda-indicators	Jelly	29,004,587	28,973,726	29,142,687
RDF4J	Write	digital-agenda-indicators	N-Triples	166,706	165,138	203,395	§°
RDF4J	Write	digital-agenda-indicators	RDF/JSON	625,658	595,488	636,947
RDF4J	Write	digital-agenda-indicators	RDF/XML	2,071,046	2,069,535	2,096,237	°
RDF4J	Write	digital-agenda-indicators	Turtle	760,962	749,748	767,887
RDF4J	Write	linked-spending	Binary	3,598,392	3,580,505	3,609,870
RDF4J	Write	linked-spending	JSON-LD	846,783	846,299	863,609	*
RDF4J	Write	linked-spending	Jelly	20,341,011	20,319,028	20,565,235
RDF4J	Write	linked-spending	N-Triples	234,831	232,467	238,389	°
RDF4J	Write	linked-spending	RDF/JSON	510,903	507,639	526,198	*
RDF4J	Write	linked-spending	RDF/XML	1,941,555	1,940,686	1,952,752	°
RDF4J	Write	linked-spending	Turtle	377,404	369,388	377,626
RDF4J	Write	lod-katrina	Binary	3,628,020	3,612,564	3,647,065
RDF4J	Write	lod-katrina	JSON-LD	568,533	556,228	569,571	*
RDF4J	Write	lod-katrina	Jelly	19,540,107	19,423,216	19,744,377
RDF4J	Write	lod-katrina	N-Triples	201,383	199,641	202,027	°
RDF4J	Write	lod-katrina	RDF/JSON	551,270	548,477	602,736	*
RDF4J	Write	lod-katrina	RDF/XML	1,612,828	1,596,825	1,648,607	°
RDF4J	Write	lod-katrina	Turtle	255,364	253,290	256,483
RDF4J	Write	muziekweb	Binary	3,052,404	3,052,030	3,086,239
RDF4J	Write	muziekweb	JSON-LD	777,027	770,339	781,011
RDF4J	Write	muziekweb	Jelly	13,692,489	13,569,700	13,749,411
RDF4J	Write	muziekweb	N-Triples	263,632	263,230	265,352	°
RDF4J	Write	muziekweb	RDF/JSON	530,585	527,046	578,064
RDF4J	Write	muziekweb	RDF/XML	1,725,635	1,716,831	1,735,180	°
RDF4J	Write	muziekweb	Turtle	479,524	479,032	480,768
RDF4J	Write	nanopubs	Binary	3,091,077	3,065,135	3,116,191
RDF4J	Write	nanopubs	JSON-LD	703,761	696,514	712,433
RDF4J	Write	nanopubs	Jelly	17,742,018	17,408,251	17,793,529
RDF4J	Write	nanopubs	N-Quads	134,445	134,087	168,144	§°
RDF4J	Write	nanopubs	TriG	2,382,306	2,378,746	2,389,305
RDF4J	Write	officegraph	Binary	3,714,478	3,680,441	3,715,047
RDF4J	Write	officegraph	JSON-LD	1,157,018	1,152,909	1,171,289	*
RDF4J	Write	officegraph	Jelly	19,878,135	19,623,959	20,022,261
RDF4J	Write	officegraph	N-Triples	231,542	227,964	232,118	°
RDF4J	Write	officegraph	RDF/JSON	682,628	656,955	686,155	*
RDF4J	Write	officegraph	RDF/XML	1,608,779	1,601,102	1,620,203	°
RDF4J	Write	officegraph	Turtle	2,957,020	2,864,964	2,962,691
RDF4J	Write	openaire-lod	Binary	3,133,459	3,133,454	3,154,859
RDF4J	Write	openaire-lod	JSON-LD	766,549	756,916	777,290
RDF4J	Write	openaire-lod	Jelly	13,727,404	13,699,417	13,762,134
RDF4J	Write	openaire-lod	N-Triples	218,744	218,273	219,698	°
RDF4J	Write	openaire-lod	RDF/JSON	573,554	570,265	581,917
RDF4J	Write	openaire-lod	RDF/XML	1,849,602	1,846,484	1,858,423	°
RDF4J	Write	openaire-lod	Turtle	660,188	658,011	663,226
RDF4J	Write	osm2rdf-denmark	Binary	3,041,322	3,032,885	3,055,897
RDF4J	Write	osm2rdf-denmark	JSON-LD	328,980	327,979	330,115
RDF4J	Write	osm2rdf-denmark	Jelly	16,966,774	16,812,050	16,983,800
RDF4J	Write	osm2rdf-denmark	N-Triples	261,005	260,713	261,455	°
RDF4J	Write	osm2rdf-denmark	RDF/JSON	562,443	550,902	564,585
RDF4J	Write	osm2rdf-denmark	RDF/XML	1,914,119	1,901,804	1,930,975	°
RDF4J	Write	osm2rdf-denmark	Turtle	807,882	801,793	820,089
Jena	Read	assist-iot-weather	JSON-LD	333,827	332,826	344,232	*
Jena	Read	assist-iot-weather	Jelly	37,289,287	37,260,751	37,378,823
Jena	Read	assist-iot-weather	N-Triples	1,312,063	1,310,221	1,319,451
Jena	Read	assist-iot-weather	Protobuf	1,425,897	1,394,327	1,450,649
Jena	Read	assist-iot-weather	RDF/JSON	1,166,145	1,165,240	1,172,045	*
Jena	Read	assist-iot-weather	RDF/XML	1,706,740	1,703,576	1,708,508	*
Jena	Read	assist-iot-weather	Thrift	1,378,809	1,371,410	1,388,760
Jena	Read	assist-iot-weather	Turtle	1,682,151	1,680,282	1,683,808
Jena	Read	assist-iot-weather-graphs	JSON-LD	382,220	374,692	383,502
Jena	Read	assist-iot-weather-graphs	Jelly	37,213,530	36,997,450	37,570,399
Jena	Read	assist-iot-weather-graphs	N-Quads	1,083,788	1,079,599	1,098,143
Jena	Read	assist-iot-weather-graphs	Protobuf	1,330,967	1,293,016	1,342,319
Jena	Read	assist-iot-weather-graphs	Thrift	1,066,889	1,066,850	1,069,378
Jena	Read	assist-iot-weather-graphs	TriG	2,106,446	2,102,139	2,108,662
Jena	Read	citypulse-traffic	JSON-LD	28,978	28,750	29,834
Jena	Read	citypulse-traffic	Jelly	33,103,813	33,057,653	33,293,951
Jena	Read	citypulse-traffic	N-Triples	1,089,689	1,081,916	1,092,556
Jena	Read	citypulse-traffic	Protobuf	1,433,244	1,430,560	1,436,311
Jena	Read	citypulse-traffic	RDF/JSON	1,137,728	1,134,911	1,144,567
Jena	Read	citypulse-traffic	RDF/XML	2,036,949	2,023,952	2,056,702
Jena	Read	citypulse-traffic	Thrift	1,371,864	1,371,156	1,380,371
Jena	Read	citypulse-traffic	Turtle	1,783,220	1,772,894	1,809,148
Jena	Read	citypulse-traffic-graphs	JSON-LD	346,462	346,328	348,868
Jena	Read	citypulse-traffic-graphs	Jelly	31,182,473	31,088,699	31,298,640
Jena	Read	citypulse-traffic-graphs	N-Quads	813,357	812,525	815,133
Jena	Read	citypulse-traffic-graphs	Protobuf	1,231,706	1,229,907	1,245,012
Jena	Read	citypulse-traffic-graphs	Thrift	986,233	985,568	986,831
Jena	Read	citypulse-traffic-graphs	TriG	1,714,134	1,710,549	1,737,851
Jena	Read	dbpedia-live	JSON-LD	281,603	280,846	284,572	*
Jena	Read	dbpedia-live	Jelly	16,187,006	16,087,869	16,237,977
Jena	Read	dbpedia-live	N-Triples	1,234,296	1,234,197	1,235,020
Jena	Read	dbpedia-live	Protobuf	1,272,326	1,252,099	1,278,571
Jena	Read	dbpedia-live	RDF/JSON	1,104,875	1,097,742	1,119,822	*
Jena	Read	dbpedia-live	RDF/XML	1,368,325	1,362,129	1,370,951	*
Jena	Read	dbpedia-live	Thrift	1,470,088	1,461,812	1,470,095
Jena	Read	dbpedia-live	Turtle	1,215,949	1,211,809	1,224,831
Jena	Read	digital-agenda-indicators	JSON-LD	369,486	368,937	373,242
Jena	Read	digital-agenda-indicators	Jelly	42,233,335	42,142,637	42,640,507
Jena	Read	digital-agenda-indicators	N-Triples	1,090,292	1,088,457	1,093,160
Jena	Read	digital-agenda-indicators	Protobuf	1,454,406	1,434,429	1,455,052
Jena	Read	digital-agenda-indicators	RDF/JSON	1,232,531	1,230,339	1,232,581
Jena	Read	digital-agenda-indicators	RDF/XML	2,377,985	2,370,862	2,400,425
Jena	Read	digital-agenda-indicators	Thrift	1,314,465	1,303,321	1,318,652
Jena	Read	digital-agenda-indicators	Turtle	2,126,336	2,112,429	2,142,818
Jena	Read	linked-spending	JSON-LD	417,117	415,512	420,402	*
Jena	Read	linked-spending	Jelly	25,863,714	25,447,330	26,141,329
Jena	Read	linked-spending	N-Triples	1,083,134	1,079,765	1,090,108
Jena	Read	linked-spending	Protobuf	1,427,168	1,399,600	1,447,265
Jena	Read	linked-spending	RDF/JSON	1,265,993	1,255,796	1,271,749	*
Jena	Read	linked-spending	RDF/XML	2,424,266	2,396,044	2,434,175	*
Jena	Read	linked-spending	Thrift	1,649,366	1,632,414	1,657,593
Jena	Read	linked-spending	Turtle	1,794,274	1,772,751	1,797,797
Jena	Read	lod-katrina	JSON-LD	266,078	264,812	268,196	*
Jena	Read	lod-katrina	Jelly	37,417,741	35,391,284	37,601,218
Jena	Read	lod-katrina	N-Triples	1,220,798	1,217,096	1,227,055
Jena	Read	lod-katrina	Protobuf	1,374,712	1,367,656	1,378,595
Jena	Read	lod-katrina	RDF/JSON	1,139,985	1,139,038	1,141,473	*
Jena	Read	lod-katrina	RDF/XML	2,028,921	2,017,684	2,051,396	*
Jena	Read	lod-katrina	Thrift	1,641,893	1,638,262	1,645,450
Jena	Read	lod-katrina	Turtle	1,395,284	1,393,080	1,397,683
Jena	Read	muziekweb	JSON-LD	383,140	381,272	389,213
Jena	Read	muziekweb	Jelly	17,441,180	17,380,362	17,475,920
Jena	Read	muziekweb	N-Triples	1,186,307	1,174,831	1,188,635
Jena	Read	muziekweb	Protobuf	1,334,662	1,315,163	1,337,769
Jena	Read	muziekweb	RDF/JSON	1,243,952	1,229,402	1,252,658
Jena	Read	muziekweb	RDF/XML	1,949,045	1,947,116	1,958,194
Jena	Read	muziekweb	Thrift	1,560,092	1,554,485	1,560,244
Jena	Read	muziekweb	Turtle	1,551,870	1,548,142	1,567,707
Jena	Read	nanopubs	JSON-LD	309,795	305,948	313,894
Jena	Read	nanopubs	Jelly	30,996,665	30,938,977	31,038,831
Jena	Read	nanopubs	N-Quads	823,571	821,003	827,848
Jena	Read	nanopubs	Protobuf	1,234,084	1,223,880	1,234,123
Jena	Read	nanopubs	Thrift	861,585	860,795	862,391
Jena	Read	nanopubs	TriG	1,434,161	1,426,493	1,447,522
Jena	Read	officegraph	JSON-LD	359,272	356,854	360,190	*
Jena	Read	officegraph	Jelly	29,190,676	29,166,911	29,258,635
Jena	Read	officegraph	N-Triples	1,395,695	1,372,079	1,395,865
Jena	Read	officegraph	Protobuf	1,367,234	1,366,330	1,398,681
Jena	Read	officegraph	RDF/JSON	1,275,106	1,262,707	1,301,151	*
Jena	Read	officegraph	RDF/XML	2,166,987	2,160,186	2,179,071	*
Jena	Read	officegraph	Thrift	1,156,899	1,154,450	1,161,216
Jena	Read	officegraph	Turtle	1,872,858	1,863,046	1,883,097
Jena	Read	openaire-lod	JSON-LD	454,488	446,129	454,815
Jena	Read	openaire-lod	Jelly	17,247,634	17,186,727	17,342,595
Jena	Read	openaire-lod	N-Triples	1,248,965	1,241,420	1,253,328
Jena	Read	openaire-lod	Protobuf	1,399,147	1,395,264	1,418,589
Jena	Read	openaire-lod	RDF/JSON	1,410,861	1,378,915	1,413,511
Jena	Read	openaire-lod	RDF/XML	2,297,383	2,252,458	2,299,590
Jena	Read	openaire-lod	Thrift	1,652,669	1,649,842	1,658,962
Jena	Read	openaire-lod	Turtle	1,744,775	1,727,513	1,755,388
Jena	Read	osm2rdf-denmark	JSON-LD	233,283	232,680	233,714
Jena	Read	osm2rdf-denmark	Jelly	25,998,532	25,637,788	26,085,252
Jena	Read	osm2rdf-denmark	N-Triples	1,437,750	1,435,300	1,459,775
Jena	Read	osm2rdf-denmark	Protobuf	1,377,878	1,365,954	1,382,567
Jena	Read	osm2rdf-denmark	RDF/JSON	1,393,270	1,374,813	1,396,675
Jena	Read	osm2rdf-denmark	RDF/XML	1,920,251	1,916,415	1,928,123
Jena	Read	osm2rdf-denmark	Thrift	1,328,525	1,325,210	1,329,580
Jena	Read	osm2rdf-denmark	Turtle	1,779,446	1,765,183	1,810,772
RDF4J	Read	assist-iot-weather	Binary	6,057,440	6,027,218	6,074,717
RDF4J	Read	assist-iot-weather	JSON-LD	853,833	851,794	874,394	*
RDF4J	Read	assist-iot-weather	Jelly	41,046,496	40,961,283	41,077,917
RDF4J	Read	assist-iot-weather	N-Triples	3,730,514	3,730,471	3,739,222
RDF4J	Read	assist-iot-weather	RDF/JSON	4,760,932	4,740,987	4,769,492	*
RDF4J	Read	assist-iot-weather	RDF/XML	1,481,699	1,478,680	1,547,518
RDF4J	Read	assist-iot-weather	Turtle	378,189	375,298	379,204
RDF4J	Read	assist-iot-weather-graphs	Binary	6,095,955	6,087,689	6,110,225
RDF4J	Read	assist-iot-weather-graphs	JSON-LD	844,164	838,442	850,089
RDF4J	Read	assist-iot-weather-graphs	Jelly	36,296,926	36,147,100	36,308,696
RDF4J	Read	assist-iot-weather-graphs	N-Quads	2,893,334	2,859,875	2,910,928
RDF4J	Read	assist-iot-weather-graphs	TriG	426,132	423,983	426,137
RDF4J	Read	citypulse-traffic	Binary	4,973,978	4,968,684	5,001,518
RDF4J	Read	citypulse-traffic	JSON-LD	691,866	690,776	695,266
RDF4J	Read	citypulse-traffic	Jelly	34,084,264	34,021,465	34,564,026
RDF4J	Read	citypulse-traffic	N-Triples	2,785,454	2,730,974	2,890,242
RDF4J	Read	citypulse-traffic	RDF/JSON	4,350,437	4,349,863	4,352,311
RDF4J	Read	citypulse-traffic	RDF/XML	1,463,104	1,459,137	1,485,723
RDF4J	Read	citypulse-traffic	Turtle	334,839	333,217	336,284
RDF4J	Read	citypulse-traffic-graphs	Binary	4,218,600	4,211,586	4,231,470
RDF4J	Read	citypulse-traffic-graphs	JSON-LD	706,440	688,318	717,247
RDF4J	Read	citypulse-traffic-graphs	Jelly	29,685,522	29,534,232	30,032,806
RDF4J	Read	citypulse-traffic-graphs	N-Quads	2,050,340	2,039,107	2,050,752
RDF4J	Read	citypulse-traffic-graphs	TriG	337,372	335,884	338,298
RDF4J	Read	dbpedia-live	Binary	4,003,055	3,988,212	4,007,183
RDF4J	Read	dbpedia-live	JSON-LD	601,702	596,378	602,139	*
RDF4J	Read	dbpedia-live	Jelly	17,878,318	17,815,894	17,880,666
RDF4J	Read	dbpedia-live	N-Triples	3,454,758	3,439,734	3,512,482
RDF4J	Read	dbpedia-live	RDF/JSON	4,232,051	4,231,061	4,234,676	*
RDF4J	Read	dbpedia-live	RDF/XML	985,062	981,181	985,516
RDF4J	Read	dbpedia-live	Turtle	272,092	271,839	273,236
RDF4J	Read	digital-agenda-indicators	Binary	5,478,512	5,456,505	5,507,180
RDF4J	Read	digital-agenda-indicators	JSON-LD	883,914	880,799	885,151
RDF4J	Read	digital-agenda-indicators	Jelly	46,365,709	45,982,209	46,473,331
RDF4J	Read	digital-agenda-indicators	N-Triples	2,919,674	2,905,458	2,981,209
RDF4J	Read	digital-agenda-indicators	RDF/JSON	4,713,487	4,701,836	4,724,486
RDF4J	Read	digital-agenda-indicators	RDF/XML	1,774,915	1,772,696	1,802,489
RDF4J	Read	digital-agenda-indicators	Turtle	418,312	416,396	418,841
RDF4J	Read	linked-spending	Binary	5,539,408	5,531,577	5,541,534
RDF4J	Read	linked-spending	JSON-LD	802,325	795,737	812,485	*
RDF4J	Read	linked-spending	Jelly	29,349,792	29,342,100	29,443,729
RDF4J	Read	linked-spending	N-Triples	2,630,456	2,624,983	2,643,854
RDF4J	Read	linked-spending	RDF/JSON	3,920,029	3,907,385	3,924,924	*
RDF4J	Read	linked-spending	RDF/XML	1,276,929	1,275,179	1,278,610
RDF4J	Read	linked-spending	Turtle	307,055	306,092	308,102
RDF4J	Read	lod-katrina	Binary	5,416,604	5,367,295	5,553,942
RDF4J	Read	lod-katrina	JSON-LD	748,343	741,639	754,331	*
RDF4J	Read	lod-katrina	Jelly	35,933,683	35,332,527	36,279,028
RDF4J	Read	lod-katrina	N-Triples	3,473,490	3,461,498	3,489,303
RDF4J	Read	lod-katrina	RDF/JSON	4,779,603	4,764,793	4,784,044	*
RDF4J	Read	lod-katrina	RDF/XML	1,280,417	1,278,856	1,280,865
RDF4J	Read	lod-katrina	Turtle	256,739	254,246	257,136
RDF4J	Read	muziekweb	Binary	4,455,204	4,399,693	4,471,977
RDF4J	Read	muziekweb	JSON-LD	795,448	771,750	796,461
RDF4J	Read	muziekweb	Jelly	22,503,566	22,382,784	22,572,291
RDF4J	Read	muziekweb	N-Triples	2,973,088	2,962,396	3,042,841
RDF4J	Read	muziekweb	RDF/JSON	3,267,121	3,262,899	3,280,555
RDF4J	Read	muziekweb	RDF/XML	1,212,809	1,201,210	1,222,556
RDF4J	Read	muziekweb	Turtle	345,382	345,232	346,409
RDF4J	Read	nanopubs	Binary	4,711,236	4,702,773	4,735,410
RDF4J	Read	nanopubs	JSON-LD	651,051	639,045	654,370
RDF4J	Read	nanopubs	Jelly	33,304,550	33,244,010	33,398,657
RDF4J	Read	nanopubs	N-Quads	2,228,478	2,211,655	2,231,146
RDF4J	Read	nanopubs	TriG	370,980	370,392	374,480
RDF4J	Read	officegraph	Binary	5,524,429	5,512,810	5,533,219
RDF4J	Read	officegraph	JSON-LD	798,716	795,584	806,260	*
RDF4J	Read	officegraph	Jelly	34,156,775	33,394,520	34,285,457
RDF4J	Read	officegraph	N-Triples	3,835,715	3,810,544	3,844,320
RDF4J	Read	officegraph	RDF/JSON	4,733,385	4,720,284	4,735,022	*
RDF4J	Read	officegraph	RDF/XML	1,420,071	1,397,859	1,423,208
RDF4J	Read	officegraph	Turtle	428,829	427,104	431,099
RDF4J	Read	openaire-lod	Binary	4,990,610	4,987,004	5,009,629
RDF4J	Read	openaire-lod	JSON-LD	853,258	848,497	858,804
RDF4J	Read	openaire-lod	Jelly	22,600,399	22,517,527	22,692,431
RDF4J	Read	openaire-lod	N-Triples	3,506,855	3,481,826	3,536,157
RDF4J	Read	openaire-lod	RDF/JSON	3,948,778	3,942,183	3,963,625
RDF4J	Read	openaire-lod	RDF/XML	1,314,463	1,303,310	1,319,923
RDF4J	Read	openaire-lod	Turtle	361,164	359,383	361,423
RDF4J	Read	osm2rdf-denmark	Binary	4,547,662	4,540,844	4,549,526
RDF4J	Read	osm2rdf-denmark	JSON-LD	804,402	799,037	804,899
RDF4J	Read	osm2rdf-denmark	Jelly	28,497,909	28,357,484	28,664,917
RDF4J	Read	osm2rdf-denmark	N-Triples	3,732,075	3,575,646	3,757,532
RDF4J	Read	osm2rdf-denmark	RDF/JSON	5,182,552	5,174,498	5,186,357
RDF4J	Read	osm2rdf-denmark	RDF/XML	1,492,897	1,489,635	1,503,527
RDF4J	Read	osm2rdf-denmark	Turtle	427,364	427,287	427,785

Throughput on each dataset (dots) and the geometric mean over 10 datasets (bar). Log scale.

• * buffering writer: drops duplicate statements (write throughput still counts every input statement)
• § the 3 sweeps differ by more than 10%
• ° RDF4J's writer is given an OutputStream and writes it one character at a time. With a BufferedWriter it could be 1.28–1.56× faster

Data behind this chart

Library	Operation	Format	Dataset	Throughput (statements/s, median)	Notes
Jena	Write	JSON-LD	assist-iot-weather	2,948,272	*
Jena	Write	JSON-LD	citypulse-traffic	34,625
Jena	Write	JSON-LD	dbpedia-live	201,057	*
Jena	Write	JSON-LD	digital-agenda-indicators	2,493,764
Jena	Write	JSON-LD	linked-spending	2,032,514	*
Jena	Write	JSON-LD	lod-katrina	832,777	*
Jena	Write	JSON-LD	muziekweb	122,062
Jena	Write	JSON-LD	officegraph	2,519,927	*
Jena	Write	JSON-LD	openaire-lod	1,634,000
Jena	Write	JSON-LD	osm2rdf-denmark	451,755
Jena	Write	Jelly	assist-iot-weather	27,718,328
Jena	Write	Jelly	citypulse-traffic	22,698,265
Jena	Write	Jelly	dbpedia-live	9,772,917
Jena	Write	Jelly	digital-agenda-indicators	31,130,748
Jena	Write	Jelly	linked-spending	20,142,085
Jena	Write	Jelly	lod-katrina	20,929,860
Jena	Write	Jelly	muziekweb	14,324,409
Jena	Write	Jelly	officegraph	20,404,010
Jena	Write	Jelly	openaire-lod	13,966,187
Jena	Write	Jelly	osm2rdf-denmark	17,090,332
Jena	Write	N-Triples	assist-iot-weather	3,196,252
Jena	Write	N-Triples	citypulse-traffic	2,521,256
Jena	Write	N-Triples	dbpedia-live	3,692,167
Jena	Write	N-Triples	digital-agenda-indicators	2,421,463
Jena	Write	N-Triples	linked-spending	2,407,025
Jena	Write	N-Triples	lod-katrina	2,926,976
Jena	Write	N-Triples	muziekweb	3,087,465
Jena	Write	N-Triples	officegraph	3,370,901
Jena	Write	N-Triples	openaire-lod	2,983,191
Jena	Write	N-Triples	osm2rdf-denmark	3,688,195
Jena	Write	Protobuf	assist-iot-weather	4,786,912
Jena	Write	Protobuf	citypulse-traffic	4,346,223
Jena	Write	Protobuf	dbpedia-live	3,686,323
Jena	Write	Protobuf	digital-agenda-indicators	4,635,706
Jena	Write	Protobuf	linked-spending	3,761,230
Jena	Write	Protobuf	lod-katrina	4,880,575
Jena	Write	Protobuf	muziekweb	3,975,114
Jena	Write	Protobuf	officegraph	5,056,436
Jena	Write	Protobuf	openaire-lod	3,717,472
Jena	Write	Protobuf	osm2rdf-denmark	3,714,736
Jena	Write	RDF/JSON	assist-iot-weather	211,861	*
Jena	Write	RDF/JSON	citypulse-traffic	140,275
Jena	Write	RDF/JSON	dbpedia-live	170,956	*
Jena	Write	RDF/JSON	digital-agenda-indicators	148,630
Jena	Write	RDF/JSON	linked-spending	170,156	*
Jena	Write	RDF/JSON	lod-katrina	152,040	*
Jena	Write	RDF/JSON	muziekweb	179,891
Jena	Write	RDF/JSON	officegraph	186,460	*
Jena	Write	RDF/JSON	openaire-lod	192,853
Jena	Write	RDF/JSON	osm2rdf-denmark	186,709
Jena	Write	RDF/XML	assist-iot-weather	1,503,188	*
Jena	Write	RDF/XML	citypulse-traffic	930,699
Jena	Write	RDF/XML	dbpedia-live	622,178	*
Jena	Write	RDF/XML	digital-agenda-indicators	1,139,482
Jena	Write	RDF/XML	linked-spending	949,434	*
Jena	Write	RDF/XML	lod-katrina	1,069,541	*
Jena	Write	RDF/XML	muziekweb	1,164,597
Jena	Write	RDF/XML	officegraph	1,275,893	*
Jena	Write	RDF/XML	openaire-lod	864,721	§
Jena	Write	RDF/XML	osm2rdf-denmark	1,137,789
Jena	Write	Thrift	assist-iot-weather	1,366,475
Jena	Write	Thrift	citypulse-traffic	1,551,260
Jena	Write	Thrift	dbpedia-live	1,752,454
Jena	Write	Thrift	digital-agenda-indicators	1,331,722
Jena	Write	Thrift	linked-spending	1,792,503
Jena	Write	Thrift	lod-katrina	1,824,864
Jena	Write	Thrift	muziekweb	1,849,443
Jena	Write	Thrift	officegraph	1,247,747
Jena	Write	Thrift	openaire-lod	1,877,416
Jena	Write	Thrift	osm2rdf-denmark	1,399,651
Jena	Write	Turtle	assist-iot-weather	556,261
Jena	Write	Turtle	citypulse-traffic	546,302
Jena	Write	Turtle	dbpedia-live	466,591
Jena	Write	Turtle	digital-agenda-indicators	703,222
Jena	Write	Turtle	linked-spending	468,891
Jena	Write	Turtle	lod-katrina	365,742
Jena	Write	Turtle	muziekweb	539,193
Jena	Write	Turtle	officegraph	739,828
Jena	Write	Turtle	openaire-lod	465,865
Jena	Write	Turtle	osm2rdf-denmark	640,223
RDF4J	Write	Binary	assist-iot-weather	4,079,387
RDF4J	Write	Binary	citypulse-traffic	3,431,866
RDF4J	Write	Binary	dbpedia-live	2,638,293
RDF4J	Write	Binary	digital-agenda-indicators	3,860,363
RDF4J	Write	Binary	linked-spending	3,598,392
RDF4J	Write	Binary	lod-katrina	3,628,020
RDF4J	Write	Binary	muziekweb	3,052,404
RDF4J	Write	Binary	officegraph	3,714,478
RDF4J	Write	Binary	openaire-lod	3,133,459
RDF4J	Write	Binary	osm2rdf-denmark	3,041,322
RDF4J	Write	JSON-LD	assist-iot-weather	1,400,515	*
RDF4J	Write	JSON-LD	citypulse-traffic	29,231
RDF4J	Write	JSON-LD	dbpedia-live	691,178	*
RDF4J	Write	JSON-LD	digital-agenda-indicators	1,029,133
RDF4J	Write	JSON-LD	linked-spending	846,783	*
RDF4J	Write	JSON-LD	lod-katrina	568,533	*
RDF4J	Write	JSON-LD	muziekweb	777,027
RDF4J	Write	JSON-LD	officegraph	1,157,018	*
RDF4J	Write	JSON-LD	openaire-lod	766,549
RDF4J	Write	JSON-LD	osm2rdf-denmark	328,980
RDF4J	Write	Jelly	assist-iot-weather	25,146,956
RDF4J	Write	Jelly	citypulse-traffic	22,137,871
RDF4J	Write	Jelly	dbpedia-live	9,670,065
RDF4J	Write	Jelly	digital-agenda-indicators	29,004,587
RDF4J	Write	Jelly	linked-spending	20,341,011
RDF4J	Write	Jelly	lod-katrina	19,540,107
RDF4J	Write	Jelly	muziekweb	13,692,489
RDF4J	Write	Jelly	officegraph	19,878,135
RDF4J	Write	Jelly	openaire-lod	13,727,404
RDF4J	Write	Jelly	osm2rdf-denmark	16,966,774
RDF4J	Write	N-Triples	assist-iot-weather	216,487	°
RDF4J	Write	N-Triples	citypulse-traffic	221,441	°
RDF4J	Write	N-Triples	dbpedia-live	263,471	°
RDF4J	Write	N-Triples	digital-agenda-indicators	166,706	§°
RDF4J	Write	N-Triples	linked-spending	234,831	°
RDF4J	Write	N-Triples	lod-katrina	201,383	°
RDF4J	Write	N-Triples	muziekweb	263,632	°
RDF4J	Write	N-Triples	officegraph	231,542	°
RDF4J	Write	N-Triples	openaire-lod	218,744	°
RDF4J	Write	N-Triples	osm2rdf-denmark	261,005	°
RDF4J	Write	RDF/JSON	assist-iot-weather	731,484	*
RDF4J	Write	RDF/JSON	citypulse-traffic	508,443	§
RDF4J	Write	RDF/JSON	dbpedia-live	513,468	*
RDF4J	Write	RDF/JSON	digital-agenda-indicators	625,658
RDF4J	Write	RDF/JSON	linked-spending	510,903	*
RDF4J	Write	RDF/JSON	lod-katrina	551,270	*
RDF4J	Write	RDF/JSON	muziekweb	530,585
RDF4J	Write	RDF/JSON	officegraph	682,628	*
RDF4J	Write	RDF/JSON	openaire-lod	573,554
RDF4J	Write	RDF/JSON	osm2rdf-denmark	562,443
RDF4J	Write	RDF/XML	assist-iot-weather	1,787,721	°
RDF4J	Write	RDF/XML	citypulse-traffic	1,675,568	°
RDF4J	Write	RDF/XML	dbpedia-live	1,362,409	°
RDF4J	Write	RDF/XML	digital-agenda-indicators	2,071,046	°
RDF4J	Write	RDF/XML	linked-spending	1,941,555	°
RDF4J	Write	RDF/XML	lod-katrina	1,612,828	°
RDF4J	Write	RDF/XML	muziekweb	1,725,635	°
RDF4J	Write	RDF/XML	officegraph	1,608,779	°
RDF4J	Write	RDF/XML	openaire-lod	1,849,602	°
RDF4J	Write	RDF/XML	osm2rdf-denmark	1,914,119	°
RDF4J	Write	Turtle	assist-iot-weather	628,650
RDF4J	Write	Turtle	citypulse-traffic	443,584
RDF4J	Write	Turtle	dbpedia-live	319,534
RDF4J	Write	Turtle	digital-agenda-indicators	760,962
RDF4J	Write	Turtle	linked-spending	377,404
RDF4J	Write	Turtle	lod-katrina	255,364
RDF4J	Write	Turtle	muziekweb	479,524
RDF4J	Write	Turtle	officegraph	2,957,020
RDF4J	Write	Turtle	openaire-lod	660,188
RDF4J	Write	Turtle	osm2rdf-denmark	807,882
Jena	Read	JSON-LD	assist-iot-weather	333,827	*
Jena	Read	JSON-LD	citypulse-traffic	28,978
Jena	Read	JSON-LD	dbpedia-live	281,603	*
Jena	Read	JSON-LD	digital-agenda-indicators	369,486
Jena	Read	JSON-LD	linked-spending	417,117	*
Jena	Read	JSON-LD	lod-katrina	266,078	*
Jena	Read	JSON-LD	muziekweb	383,140
Jena	Read	JSON-LD	officegraph	359,272	*
Jena	Read	JSON-LD	openaire-lod	454,488
Jena	Read	JSON-LD	osm2rdf-denmark	233,283
Jena	Read	Jelly	assist-iot-weather	37,289,287
Jena	Read	Jelly	citypulse-traffic	33,103,813
Jena	Read	Jelly	dbpedia-live	16,187,006
Jena	Read	Jelly	digital-agenda-indicators	42,233,335
Jena	Read	Jelly	linked-spending	25,863,714
Jena	Read	Jelly	lod-katrina	37,417,741
Jena	Read	Jelly	muziekweb	17,441,180
Jena	Read	Jelly	officegraph	29,190,676
Jena	Read	Jelly	openaire-lod	17,247,634
Jena	Read	Jelly	osm2rdf-denmark	25,998,532
Jena	Read	N-Triples	assist-iot-weather	1,312,063
Jena	Read	N-Triples	citypulse-traffic	1,089,689
Jena	Read	N-Triples	dbpedia-live	1,234,296
Jena	Read	N-Triples	digital-agenda-indicators	1,090,292
Jena	Read	N-Triples	linked-spending	1,083,134
Jena	Read	N-Triples	lod-katrina	1,220,798
Jena	Read	N-Triples	muziekweb	1,186,307
Jena	Read	N-Triples	officegraph	1,395,695
Jena	Read	N-Triples	openaire-lod	1,248,965
Jena	Read	N-Triples	osm2rdf-denmark	1,437,750
Jena	Read	Protobuf	assist-iot-weather	1,425,897
Jena	Read	Protobuf	citypulse-traffic	1,433,244
Jena	Read	Protobuf	dbpedia-live	1,272,326
Jena	Read	Protobuf	digital-agenda-indicators	1,454,406
Jena	Read	Protobuf	linked-spending	1,427,168
Jena	Read	Protobuf	lod-katrina	1,374,712
Jena	Read	Protobuf	muziekweb	1,334,662
Jena	Read	Protobuf	officegraph	1,367,234
Jena	Read	Protobuf	openaire-lod	1,399,147
Jena	Read	Protobuf	osm2rdf-denmark	1,377,878
Jena	Read	RDF/JSON	assist-iot-weather	1,166,145	*
Jena	Read	RDF/JSON	citypulse-traffic	1,137,728
Jena	Read	RDF/JSON	dbpedia-live	1,104,875	*
Jena	Read	RDF/JSON	digital-agenda-indicators	1,232,531
Jena	Read	RDF/JSON	linked-spending	1,265,993	*
Jena	Read	RDF/JSON	lod-katrina	1,139,985	*
Jena	Read	RDF/JSON	muziekweb	1,243,952
Jena	Read	RDF/JSON	officegraph	1,275,106	*
Jena	Read	RDF/JSON	openaire-lod	1,410,861
Jena	Read	RDF/JSON	osm2rdf-denmark	1,393,270
Jena	Read	RDF/XML	assist-iot-weather	1,706,740	*
Jena	Read	RDF/XML	citypulse-traffic	2,036,949
Jena	Read	RDF/XML	dbpedia-live	1,368,325	*
Jena	Read	RDF/XML	digital-agenda-indicators	2,377,985
Jena	Read	RDF/XML	linked-spending	2,424,266	*
Jena	Read	RDF/XML	lod-katrina	2,028,921	*
Jena	Read	RDF/XML	muziekweb	1,949,045
Jena	Read	RDF/XML	officegraph	2,166,987	*
Jena	Read	RDF/XML	openaire-lod	2,297,383
Jena	Read	RDF/XML	osm2rdf-denmark	1,920,251
Jena	Read	Thrift	assist-iot-weather	1,378,809
Jena	Read	Thrift	citypulse-traffic	1,371,864
Jena	Read	Thrift	dbpedia-live	1,470,088
Jena	Read	Thrift	digital-agenda-indicators	1,314,465
Jena	Read	Thrift	linked-spending	1,649,366
Jena	Read	Thrift	lod-katrina	1,641,893
Jena	Read	Thrift	muziekweb	1,560,092
Jena	Read	Thrift	officegraph	1,156,899
Jena	Read	Thrift	openaire-lod	1,652,669
Jena	Read	Thrift	osm2rdf-denmark	1,328,525
Jena	Read	Turtle	assist-iot-weather	1,682,151
Jena	Read	Turtle	citypulse-traffic	1,783,220
Jena	Read	Turtle	dbpedia-live	1,215,949
Jena	Read	Turtle	digital-agenda-indicators	2,126,336
Jena	Read	Turtle	linked-spending	1,794,274
Jena	Read	Turtle	lod-katrina	1,395,284
Jena	Read	Turtle	muziekweb	1,551,870
Jena	Read	Turtle	officegraph	1,872,858
Jena	Read	Turtle	openaire-lod	1,744,775
Jena	Read	Turtle	osm2rdf-denmark	1,779,446
RDF4J	Read	Binary	assist-iot-weather	6,057,440
RDF4J	Read	Binary	citypulse-traffic	4,973,978
RDF4J	Read	Binary	dbpedia-live	4,003,055
RDF4J	Read	Binary	digital-agenda-indicators	5,478,512
RDF4J	Read	Binary	linked-spending	5,539,408
RDF4J	Read	Binary	lod-katrina	5,416,604
RDF4J	Read	Binary	muziekweb	4,455,204
RDF4J	Read	Binary	officegraph	5,524,429
RDF4J	Read	Binary	openaire-lod	4,990,610
RDF4J	Read	Binary	osm2rdf-denmark	4,547,662
RDF4J	Read	JSON-LD	assist-iot-weather	853,833	*
RDF4J	Read	JSON-LD	citypulse-traffic	691,866
RDF4J	Read	JSON-LD	dbpedia-live	601,702	*
RDF4J	Read	JSON-LD	digital-agenda-indicators	883,914
RDF4J	Read	JSON-LD	linked-spending	802,325	*
RDF4J	Read	JSON-LD	lod-katrina	748,343	*
RDF4J	Read	JSON-LD	muziekweb	795,448
RDF4J	Read	JSON-LD	officegraph	798,716	*
RDF4J	Read	JSON-LD	openaire-lod	853,258
RDF4J	Read	JSON-LD	osm2rdf-denmark	804,402
RDF4J	Read	Jelly	assist-iot-weather	41,046,496
RDF4J	Read	Jelly	citypulse-traffic	34,084,264
RDF4J	Read	Jelly	dbpedia-live	17,878,318
RDF4J	Read	Jelly	digital-agenda-indicators	46,365,709
RDF4J	Read	Jelly	linked-spending	29,349,792
RDF4J	Read	Jelly	lod-katrina	35,933,683
RDF4J	Read	Jelly	muziekweb	22,503,566
RDF4J	Read	Jelly	officegraph	34,156,775
RDF4J	Read	Jelly	openaire-lod	22,600,399
RDF4J	Read	Jelly	osm2rdf-denmark	28,497,909
RDF4J	Read	N-Triples	assist-iot-weather	3,730,514
RDF4J	Read	N-Triples	citypulse-traffic	2,785,454
RDF4J	Read	N-Triples	dbpedia-live	3,454,758
RDF4J	Read	N-Triples	digital-agenda-indicators	2,919,674
RDF4J	Read	N-Triples	linked-spending	2,630,456
RDF4J	Read	N-Triples	lod-katrina	3,473,490
RDF4J	Read	N-Triples	muziekweb	2,973,088
RDF4J	Read	N-Triples	officegraph	3,835,715
RDF4J	Read	N-Triples	openaire-lod	3,506,855
RDF4J	Read	N-Triples	osm2rdf-denmark	3,732,075
RDF4J	Read	RDF/JSON	assist-iot-weather	4,760,932	*
RDF4J	Read	RDF/JSON	citypulse-traffic	4,350,437
RDF4J	Read	RDF/JSON	dbpedia-live	4,232,051	*
RDF4J	Read	RDF/JSON	digital-agenda-indicators	4,713,487
RDF4J	Read	RDF/JSON	linked-spending	3,920,029	*
RDF4J	Read	RDF/JSON	lod-katrina	4,779,603	*
RDF4J	Read	RDF/JSON	muziekweb	3,267,121
RDF4J	Read	RDF/JSON	officegraph	4,733,385	*
RDF4J	Read	RDF/JSON	openaire-lod	3,948,778
RDF4J	Read	RDF/JSON	osm2rdf-denmark	5,182,552
RDF4J	Read	RDF/XML	assist-iot-weather	1,481,699
RDF4J	Read	RDF/XML	citypulse-traffic	1,463,104
RDF4J	Read	RDF/XML	dbpedia-live	985,062
RDF4J	Read	RDF/XML	digital-agenda-indicators	1,774,915
RDF4J	Read	RDF/XML	linked-spending	1,276,929
RDF4J	Read	RDF/XML	lod-katrina	1,280,417
RDF4J	Read	RDF/XML	muziekweb	1,212,809
RDF4J	Read	RDF/XML	officegraph	1,420,071
RDF4J	Read	RDF/XML	openaire-lod	1,314,463
RDF4J	Read	RDF/XML	osm2rdf-denmark	1,492,897
RDF4J	Read	Turtle	assist-iot-weather	378,189
RDF4J	Read	Turtle	citypulse-traffic	334,839
RDF4J	Read	Turtle	dbpedia-live	272,092
RDF4J	Read	Turtle	digital-agenda-indicators	418,312
RDF4J	Read	Turtle	linked-spending	307,055
RDF4J	Read	Turtle	lod-katrina	256,739
RDF4J	Read	Turtle	muziekweb	345,382
RDF4J	Read	Turtle	officegraph	428,829
RDF4J	Read	Turtle	openaire-lod	361,164
RDF4J	Read	Turtle	osm2rdf-denmark	427,364

Serialized size

Serialized size in bytes/statement, uncompressed and with zstd, geometric mean over 10 datasets. Log scale.

• * buffering writer: drops duplicate statements (write throughput still counts every input statement)

Data behind this chart

Library	Format	Raw (bytes/statement)	zstd
Jena	Jelly	22.04	4.58
Jena	Turtle	97.18	5.19
Jena	RDF/XML	108.17	7.08
Jena	Thrift	172.09	9.03
Jena	RDF/JSON	176.06	8.24
Jena	N-Triples	190.95	8.75
Jena	JSON-LD	194.18	6.12
Jena	Protobuf	203.39	8.45
RDF4J	Jelly	22.04	4.58
RDF4J	Binary	37.39	8.32
RDF4J	Turtle	83.28	5.38
RDF4J	JSON-LD	114.92	5.59
RDF4J	RDF/XML	131.5	5.68
RDF4J	RDF/JSON	145.61	5.55
RDF4J	N-Triples	191.11	8.85

See also

• Jelly-SPARQL benchmarks
• Benchmark code
• RiverBench benchmark suite
• Jelly-JVM – the Jelly implementation used in the benchmarks
• User guide